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Figure 4


Fig. 4. (A) Adhesion (-F {perp}) vs shear force (F||) at three scales: isolated setae (circles), isolated setal arrays (squares) and live gecko toes (triangles). For all scales, F{perp}=-F||tan{alpha}*, where {alpha}*{approx}30°. (B) Release angle ({alpha}*) vs adhesion (-F {perp}) at three scales: isolated setae (circles), isolated setal arrays (squares) and live gecko toes (triangles). For all scales, {alpha}* was near 30°. Values of {alpha}* differed minimally but significantly among seta, array and toe levels (Kruskal-Wallis, H=90.133; d.f.=2; P<0.001). Letters A and B denote significant Dunn's pairwise contrasts. Array and toe values of {alpha}* were not significantly different from each other ({Delta}rank=4.475; Q=0.273; P>0.05), and were significantly lower than {alpha}* in setae, suggesting that the value of {alpha}*=30° in single setae sets the upper limit for detachment angles at array and toe scales.





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