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Fig. 3. The amplitude of the roll-induced static vestibuloocular reflex (rVOR) in
Xenopus laevis tadpoles with lordotic tail. Observations after the
9.2-day SMM-06 Shuttle-to-Mir mission 06 (STS-84, 1997). At the onset of the
mission, embryos had reached the developmental stages 25-28. For the
recordings after landing, tadpoles were grouped according to the development
of tail lordosis (L, filled circles) or normally developed tails (N, open
circles). rVOR amplitude = maximal angular roll of the eyes during a 360°
lateral body roll. MM, tadpoles that were exposed to microgravity throughout
the 9.2-day mission; CM, tadpoles exposed to in-flight
1g-simulation for the first 4 days (93 h) and thereafter to
microgravity until the end of the mission; MC, tadpoles exposed to
microgravity for the first 4 days (93 h) and thereafter to in-flight
1g-simulation until deactivation of the centrifuge, 12 h
before the end of the mission; CC, tadpoles exposed to microgravity throughout
the 9-day mission except the time between launch and activation of the
centrifuge and after deactivation of the 1g-centrifuge; GG,
tadpoles from the 1g-ground control. Observation periods are
defined below the lowest plot; pF, days after fertilization; post-LD, days
after landing of the spacecraft. Each filled and open circle represents an
individual animal. Numbers at the bottom of each plot give the numbers of
tadpoles; levels of statistical significances in bold italic letters indicate
differences between normal and lordotic animals of the respective observation
period; NS, not significant. Numbers above brackets indicate differences
between samples of the two observation periods.
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