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Figure 5


Fig. 5. (A) Fit between observed and predicted displacement (xt) vs time. Displacements from two trials (high effort and low effort) are shown for two toads. Colors represent different individuals. For each toad (N=4), effective mass (meff) was estimated from anatomical data. For each feeding trial (N=71), total displacement (xt) vs time was estimated from digital images. The time solution for the general equation of motion (Eqn 3) was solved to find the values of the spring constant (kt) and damping coefficient (beff) that provided the best fit (dotted black lines) to the observed kinematic data. (B) Maximum instantaneous in vivo power output of the depressor mandibulae muscles and series connective tissues during ballistic mouth opening. Colors represent different individuals.





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