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Figure 4


Fig. 4. Elastic recoil model of the toad cranium. The model includes the pair of depressor mandibulae muscles, which originate on the cranium (ground) and insert on the retroarticular processes of the lower jaw. Each muscle (red) was modeled as a force generator (i.e. cross bridges) and a spring (i.e. series elastic component) arranged in series. On each side of the cranium, the depressor mandibulae muscle is arranged in series with an extra-muscular spring element (blue) that represents the sum of all extra-muscular structures that are strained by contraction of the depressor mandibulae prior to movement (i.e. cranium and retroarticular process). The effective mass (meff) is suspended from these springs. Effective damping (beff) of the mass-spring system is depicted in purple.





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