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Fig. 12. (A) Displacement (x_m, x_e, x_t) predicted by the elastic recoil model as a function of the force developed by the depressor mandibulae muscles prior to movement. At all but the lowest forces (>0.25 N), the depressor mandibulae muscles (x_m) contribute more to total displacement (x_t) than the extra-muscular connective tissues (x_e). (B) Load-dependence of the relationship between depressor mandibulae force prior to movement (F_before) and total stiffness (k_t). The loads illustrated include 10 times the in vivo load (0.89 N, blue line), 5 times the in vivo load (0.45 N, brown line), twice the in vivo load (0.18 N, yellow line) and the observed in vivo load (0.09 N, black line), half the in vivo load (0.045 N, green line), and one tenth the in vivo load (0.009 N, red line). (C) Observed vs predicted relationship between the depressor mandibulae force prior to movement (F_before) and total stiffness (k_t). The solid line shows the total stiffness predicted by the elastic recoil model at the in vivo load. Dotted lines represent the 95% confidence interval. Colored symbols show the observed relationship between depressor mandibulae force prior to movement (F_before) and total stiffness (k_t) for each individual toad (mean ± s.e.m.) estimated by fitting the observed kinematic data to Eqn 3.

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