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Fig. 6. (A) Fractional increases in blood flow (FdQ) above
values for moderate-speed level running due to an increase in speed (hatched
bars) or incline (black bars) for muscles grouped by their actions in
swing
or stance. Within the stance-phase group, muscles
were further divided according to the joint at which they have their primary
action
. Values are means ± s.e.m. (N=8).
*Significant difference (P<0.05, Wilcoxon test) between the values
for speed and incline conditions. (B) Increases in mass-specific blood flow
due to an increase in speed (grouped as in A). (C) Increases in mass-specific
blood flow due to an increase in incline (grouped as in A). Values are means
± s.e.m. (N=8). The broken red lines in B and C represent the
average mass-specific increase in blood flow to all hindlimb muscles.
Swing and stance phase muscle groups: the increases in flow
to all but one muscle complex were assigned to either swing or stance, as
indicated in Table 1. The
increases in blood flow to the heads of the FT muscle were divided equally
between swing and stance during level running because it is active in both
phases. During uphill running, the increase in blood flow to this muscle was
assumed to result from increased metabolism during stance only.
Grouping of stance-phase muscles by joint action: because
the ILPO has extensor moments at both the hip and the knee, the increases in
flow to this muscles were divided between the hip (75%) and knee (25%),
approximately reflecting the relative moment arms at these two joint. The flow
to the other muscles was assigned as follows: Hip: FCLA, FCLP, ITC, postIF,
FCM, PIFL, PIFM, CFC, CFP, ISF and ILPO (in part); Knee: FT, and ILPO (in
part); Ankle and toes: sDF-II, sDF-III, latDDF, medDDF, FHL, FDL&FB, FL,
LG, MG, IG. These assignments are not without ambiguities (see text).
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