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Figure 9


Fig. 9. Comparison of the effects of 21 generations of selective breeding for high voluntary wheel running (`Evolution') with the effects of 8 weeks of wheel access (`Phenotypic plasticity'), based on least-squares (adjusted) means for hindlimb bones [as presented in table 3 (Kelly et al., 2006)]. Bone lengths were unaffected by either selective breeding or chronic wheel access, but both factors increased bone diameters (one exception), with the former generally having somewhat larger effects. The magnitude of training effects is similar to what has been reported previously for mammalian bone in response to either forced or voluntary exercise (see Kelly et al., 2006).





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