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Fig. 5. Wide range of times at which peak suture and bone strains, and maximum
gape, hyoid depression and head lifting, are achieved during biting (B) and
suction (S) for all 52 feeding events included in this analysis. Peak hyoid
depression and head lifting are given for suction only, because biting events
do not exhibit distinct maxima of these variables. Mean timing values for each
strain and kinematic peak are shown in yellow (mean ± s.d.,
N=4). For 8 individual trials, vertical paths show the times at which
each strain and kinematic maximum were achieved. The red arrows indicate the
first (left) and second (right) suction feeding events shown in
Fig. 2. The blue arrows
indicate the first (left) and second (right) biting events illustrated in
Fig. 6. There was substantial
variation in these timings between trials; however, the correlations between
strain peak timing and the fish's kinematic activity were significant. If the
temporal pattern of maximum strains and kinematics were identical in all
suction or biting trials, then the vertical paths would all be parallel and
located in the same region of the gape cycle, which they are not. Note that
portions of the lines that represent suction events tend to track each other
closely, as do portions of the biting events. This illustrates our finding
that biting and suction events cause maximum skull and suture deformation at
different points in the feeding cycle.
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