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Fig. 11. Mean metabolic response to trunk loading in running mammals and guinea fowl. The solid line with a slope of 1.0 is included for reference. Net metabolic ratios were calculated as in Fig. 10. Solid circles, fit humans (Davies, 1980; Taylor et al., 1982; Epstein et al., 1987; Thorstensson, 1986; Bilzon et al., 2001). Open circles, very well trained adult humans, most of whom competed in distance or middle distance events (Cureton et al., 1978; Cooke et al., 1991; Bourdin et al., 1995). Open triangles, children (Thorstensson, 1986; Cooke et al., 1991; Davies, 1980). Plus signs, quadrupeds ranging in size from rats to horses (Taylor et al., 1980; Wickler et al., 2001) (S. J. Wickler, personal communication). Asterisks, values for guinea fowl running at 1.0 and 1.5 m s^-1. For the human studies not providing resting metabolic rates, the resting values were calculated as for the data in Fig. 10. Resting rates for the quadrupeds (Taylor et al., 1980) were calculated as 1.2 times the basal value obtained by entering the body mass (M_b) in the allometric equation, _{BMR b}=3.89M_b^0.76 (Peters, 1983).

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