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Fig. 2. Measurement of induced air flow in a flight chamber. (A) Two anemometers,
an axial inflow anemometer and a radial outflow anemometer, placed between the
antennae and behind the wings at roughly 3/4 of the wing length from the base,
respectively, recorded the induced airflow due to the flapping wings. An
optical force sensor simultaneously recorded the vibrations generated by the
flapping moth on its tether. A computer-controlled visual display motivated
the moth to fly and modulate its wing kinematics. In the experiments reported
here the visual display was turned off after the moth initiated flight and the
chamber was left dark. (B,C) The frequency peaks of the vertical measurements
and the two anemometric records (only axial inflow data are shown) always
matched the primary stroke frequency (asterisks) and a secondary peak at
double stroke frequency.
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