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Fig. 1. The Induced Flow Model. (A) Blade element model. A schematic of the flapping wings of an insect. The grey strips show one of the elements of the blade element model, with the sectional circulation around it. (B) Momentum Flux Model. Extension of the near-field model in A to the far-field. The regions around the flying insect are divided into far-field inflow (P), near-field (Q), and far-field outflow (R). In this figure, vi and vfar represent the near-field outflow and far-field outflow based on standard actuator disk theory.





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