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Fig. 3. Ratio of calculated biomechanical Pac and estimated biomechanical Pmin required for forward flapping flight plotted against body mass (kg). Calculations of Pac assume O2max = 33Mh0.88 and Efm = 0.3Mb1.137 (see Fig. 2 and text). Estimates of Pmin use Pennycuick's computer program 1A (Pennycuick, 1989, version 1.1); default values for CD,par range from 0.25 to 0.4. Bird morphological data based on the study of Magnan (1922); see text. Coloured lines refer to Appendix B.





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