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Fig. 3. (A) Forelimb and (B) hindlimb effective mechanical advantage (EMA) scaling for all mammalian species (original data reported in Biewener, 1989). Rodents are distinguished from other mammals by black squares. The lines are the least squares regressions for all species, except for the human data shown in (B). Human EMA during walking (`W') falls within the 95% confidence interval for all other mammals (not shown), but during running (`R') falls below (Biewener et al., 2004). (C,D) Forelimb and hindlimb EMA scaling of rodent species compared with the line for all mammals. No significant difference in scaling is observed for either limb; however, this is limited by the fact that the majority of mammalian species studied to date are rodents. Body mass (Mb; kg); Fore- and hind-limb EMAs (r/R); mean EMA = M0.25.





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