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Fig. 7. Predicted lifespan (N cycles) over a range of mass specific force
outputs for a generalized 1 kg motor that can withstand a maximal force load
of 890 N. This curve assumes that a=1 and b=3 in the
load-life equation (Eqn 2). Also shown is a curve relating specific load to
the observed number of wingbeat cycles for hummingbirds over one day of normal
flight (a highly conservative estimate of cycles to failure) and during
experimentally imposed maximal loading.