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Fig. 1. High-speed image frames from a 200 frames s^–1 recording illustrating the feeding event in a Pomacanthus semicirculatus specimen (245 mm SL) feeding on sponge attached to a clip. Reference grid squares are 2 cm², and time in ms from bite (T_B) in bottom left corner of frames: (A) protrusion onset; (B) maximum protrusion; (C) bite; (D) feeding event complete. Arrows with numerals (in B) refer to manipulations used on dissections (see text). Black and white dots indicate 15 landmarks on skull topography, prey and origin reference digitised in feeding sequences. Linear measurements (in A): R_TOT, total ram; R_B, body ram; G, gape distance; P, premaxilla excursion; D, dentary excursion. Black distance marker indicates origin-reference used to compensate for bite-related and unnoticed prey movements in analyses. Angular measurements (in B–D): C, cranial elevation; O, opercular rotation; H, suspensorial rotation; S, pectoral girdle rotation; I, intramandibular rotation; M, maxillary rotation; L, lower jaw depression.

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