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Fig. 1. Typical locomotory sequences for (A) P. parnellii, (B) D.
rotundus and (C) D. youngi. Images are at 44 ms intervals. In
those images for which only the hindlimbs are in contact with the left plate,
the normal force for that plate is shown as a yellow arrow. The graph below
each image shows the magnitude of the force on the left plate over the course
of the image sequence. Open yellow circles indicate the timing of images with
force vectors. Solid circles give the times of all other frames. Note that the
magnitude of the force vector for both vampire species decreases gradually as
the animal shifts its weight forward, but that the forces are highly variable
for the poorly crawling bat, P. parnellii.