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Fig. 3. An illustration of the process for determining the metabolic cost contours
and generating the optimization predictions for walking. The pooled data for
the subject group (490 original points) are shown. (A) The 49 metabolic cost
measurements do not provide an adequate characterization of the cost surface
and they generate contours without predictive value (B). Here and in C the
cost is plotted as Economy, the inverse of cost, to allow better visualization
of the surface. (C) The data were smoothed and the region between measured
data points was reconstructed by fitting with a plate using a defined number
of Fourier terms as the model. (D) From the smoothed surface, realistic
contours are derived. (E) Error resulting from the fitting process can be
monitored. (F) Predictions of speed and step frequency according to the
constrained optimization hypothesis (as in
Fig. 2) can be derived from the
smoothed contours. Line colors and form for each constraint match those of
previous figures.
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