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Fig. 1. (A) The relation between speed and step frequency in human treadmill
walking (data from a mixed gender group of college-age students participating
in an undergraduate biomechanics class). A consistent relationship is evident
and is usually explained as indicating the most economical means of walking.
If this is the case, then it should not matter if speed is determined, as in
treadmill walking, or frequency is determined, as walking to a metronome beat
(arrows). (B) Different constraints on walking actually result in different
speed-step frequency relations (data from one subject). Red, solid line: speed
constrained walking (treadmill); blue, broken line: frequency constrained
walking (metronome); green, dotted line: step length constrained walking
(floor markers).