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Fig. 5. Example rectified EMG vs time during hopping at 2.2 Hz on the 81,
27 and 11 kN m-1 surfaces for the (AC) soleus (SOL),
(DF) vastus medialis (VM), (GI) vastus lateralis (VL) and
(JL) rectus femoris (RF). All traces begin at touchdown and end at the
following touchdown. First and second dashed lines indicate the times of peak
force and takeoff, respectively. Hoppers had the least extensor muscle
activity on a moderately stiff surface (27 kN m-1) and more
activity on the softer and stiffer surfaces.