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Fig. 9. Work loops obtained from different regions of the pectoralis muscle in two
pigeons plotted with fascicle length expressed as both strain (A,C) and length
(B,D). The black arrow denotes the counter-clockwise path of the work loop,
indicating the positive net work (area contained within the work loop in B,D)
performed during the muscle's fascicles over the course of the wingbeat cycle.
Note that the more posterior regions of the muscle have both shorter fascicles
and reduced strains (A,C), leading to reduced mechanical work output. Cycle
duration was 0.11 s for both pigeons, giving power outputs ranging from 7.9 to
20.5 W. All loops are taken from the 5th wingbeat of one trial from each
bird.
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