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Fig. 4. (A,B) Representative fascicle strain and EMG recordings obtained at the
four sampled regions of the pectoralis muscle, together with strain recordings
of the aponeurosis and overall muscle force obtained from the DPC strain
gauge. Recordings are for two wingbeats obtained from pigeons 1 and 3 during
slow (
4-5 m s-1) level flight. EMG signals were bandpass
filtered from 40 to 1500 Hz, and sonomicrometer and strain gauge recordings
were low-pass (40 Hz) filtered, using a 4th order zero-lag digital Butterworth
filter. In-series proximal and distal segment strain measurements obtained at
the Ant and Mid SB sites were averaged to yield the overall patterns of
fascicle strain depicted here for those muscle sites. (C) Mean fascicle and
aponeurosis strains during a single wingbeat cycle based on data recorded from
all individuals for which recordings were made at each site. Data were
normalized to a full wingbeat cycle before being averaged, to maintain
temporal consistency across individual animals.
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