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Fig. 3. Individual mean vector distributions relative to the orientation in the
arena, in the No-Shift and Clock-Shift conditions. C, control (intact)
pigeons; A, anosmic pigeons. All directions are calculated with respect to the
home direction, which is set at 360°. Each inner line-and-circle
represents the orientation mean vector with respect to home, calculated for a
single pigeon. The outer circles indicate the mean vector directions. The
inner white arrows represent the second order mean vectors. Confidence
ellipses at 95%, 99% and 99.9%, according to the Hotelling one-sample test for
vector distributions, are also reported.