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Fig. 12. Diagram of the bumble attitude, horizontal speed and pitching rate, and the forces and moments during the first cycle of the disturbed motion (unstable oscillatory mode). {delta}u+, {delta}q+ and {delta}{theta}, disturbance quantities in non-dimensional x-component of velocity, pitching rate and pitch angle, respectively; {Delta}M+, non-dimensional pitching moment; mg, insect weight; F0, total aerodynamic force at equilibrium.





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