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Fig. 4. Metabolic rate increased over fourfold with frequency of isolated leg
swinging, for motion faster than the leg's natural frequency. (A)
vs frequency of leg swinging f, showing metabolic rate
increasing approximately with f 4 as predicted by
force/time hypothesis (Equation
12). Data shown are for all frequencies applied, but the curve fit
was only performed on data for fast leg swinging. (B)
vs

, showing metabolic rate
increasing approximately linearly with the hypothesized force/time cost
(Equation 13). Rate of
mechanical work is also likely to contribute, but cannot accurately be
distinguished from force/time in overall metabolic cost.