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Fig. 1. Schematic representation of the four potential mouth-opening mechanisms
(A–D) in Clarias gariepinus. The functional elements of the
cranial system are represented by different colours: lower jaw, red; hyoid,
green; suspensorium, yellow; operculum, blue; cleithrum, yellow and
neurocranium, grey. Dark and light colours represent elements that are
involved and not involved, respectively, in a particular mechanism. Broken
lines correspond to positions of cranial elements and four-bar chains after
activity of the mechanisms. More detailed representations of the four-bar
systems are given on the right, in which the fixed link is represented by
short perpendicular lines. l-an-ch, ligamentum angulo-cerotohyale; l-an-iop,
ligamentum angulo-interoperculare; m-l-op, musculus levator operculi; m-pr-h,
musculus protractor hyoidei; o-iop, os interoperculare.
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