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Fig. 8. The implications of the differential pressure measurements of the five
sites towards the leading edge of the wing (P8, P7, P4, S1 and S7), and the
downstroke kinematics, during the earlier two of the middle three flaps
(complete flap cycles are required). (A) Differential pressures. (B) The
variation in wing stroke angle during downstroke within the x-z
plane, i.e. when observed from front-on (
x-z), is shown in
black, the angle within the stroke plane () in red. (C) The calculated
geometric velocity (including forward flight speed) for each wing section.
Mean section forces assuming that the measured point pressures can be taken as
mean pressures for relevant wing sections of known area (D) are combined, and
their orientations to the vertical are taken into account when calculating
contribution to weight (BW) support (E). The effective moment arm for the
aerodynamic force on the wing (Reff), or the effective
centre of pressure, acts approximately half way along the wing (F).
Instantaneous muscle-mass specific powers (G) are calculated assuming that the
pectoralis dominates downstroke power, and constitutes 18% of body mass. Means
± S.D. for weight support, effective moment arm and powers,
are calculated from appropriate individual average measurements of
differential pressure, kinematics and morphology; averaging is performed as
the final step.
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