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Fig. 6. Vocal tract resonances do not vary below
5 kHz regardless of whether
the orientation of the maxilla or mandible is held constant (see
Fig. 5A for comparison).
Spectra obtained under these two conditions vary above
5 kHz, however
these differences can likely be attributed to differences in head diameter or
differences in vertical head orientation. (A) Spectra obtained for different
beak gapes plotted relative to a spectrum obtained with a maximum beak gape
(11 mm). (B) Standard deviations (S.D.) calculated across spectra
displayed in A.