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Fig. 1. Locations of anatomical markers (A) and definitions of joint angles (B).
(A) Markers indicated with a star were used to construct a template of the
trunk. Markers were in the following locations: 1, left crista facialis
(cranial); 2, left wing of atlas; 3, spinous process of T6 (withers); 4,
spinous process of T13; 5, spinous process of L2; 6, spinous process of L5; 7,
spinous process of S2; 8, spinous process of S5; 9, left tuber coxae; 10,
greater trochanter of the left femur; 11, lateral epicondyle of the left
femur; 12, lateral side of distal end of the left talus; 13, lateral side of
the head (distal end) of the 3rd metatarsal bone; 14, lateral side of the
coronet of the left hind hoof; 15, medial side of the coronet of the right
hind hoof; 16, right radial carpal bone; 17, medial side of the head (distal
end) of the 3rd metacarpal bone; 18, medial side of the coronet of the right
front hoof; 19, lateral side of the coronet of the left front hoof; 20,
lateral side of the head (distal end) of the 3rd metacarpal bone; 21, left
ulnar carpal bone; 22, lateral epicondyle of the left humerus; 23, greater
tubercle (caudal part) of the humerus; 24, tuber of the left spina scapulae;
25, transverse process of C6. (B) Joint angles (
) were calculated
for the left hip, left stifle, left hock, left metatarsophalangeal joint
(mtp), left metacarpophalangeal joint (mcp), left carpal joint, left elbow
joint, and left shoulder joint.
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