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Fig. 18. Drag coefficients as functions of time for a two-winged clap and fling stroke. The letters i–viii along the x axis correspond to the times the streamlined plots labelled i–viii in Fig. 15A,C were drawn. The angle of attack during pure translation was set to 45°. The Reynolds number (Re) was varied by changing the translational velocity of the wing from 0.00375 to 0.06 m s–1. In general, drag coefficients are larger for lower Re. This inverse relationship is most significant during periods of wing rotation (iv–vi). In general, drag forces peak during periods of acceleration and rotation and remain relatively constant during periods of pure translation.





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