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Fig. 5. Total CO2 gas release rate through 4 autonomously working
spiracles, modeled by a simple analytical approach for tracheal gas exchange.
In all simulations spiracle threshold value for opening Ts
was set to 1.0. (A) The likelihood of cycling gas release due to
synchronization of spiracle opening activity depends on the ratio between the
modeled muscular partial pressure of the gas
PMCO2 and the spiracle threshold
value Ts. At model parameters of
Gc=1.0 and GS,max=0.1, ratios around
1.05 produce gas release traces similar to the release pattern produced by the
flying fly. (B) Relative amplitude of Fast-Fourier Transformation (FFT)
analysis of the simulated traces shown in A. The main frequency component and
thus cyclic response of the model disappears when
PMCO2/Ts ratio
is below or above approximately 1.05 (red). Traces represent mean values of
ten simulated model runs that have been smoothed using a 3-point running
average, respectively. (C) Changes in CO2 release pattern in
response to variations of maximum spiracle opening conductance
(GS,max) expressed as the ratio between
GS,max and CO2 conductance of the cytoplasm
(Gc). At a parameter setting of
Ts=1.0, Gc=1.0 and
PMCO2=1.05, cyclic release patterns
disappear at ratio below approximately 0.1 but persist at higher ratios. (D)
FFT amplitude spectrum of the model traces shown in C. For more information
see explanation in B.
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