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Fig. 4. Forces involved in the static equilibrium calculations of the lower and upper jaws of H. francisci. FB, bite reaction force; FE, reaction force at the ethmoidal articulation; FH, reaction force at the hyomandibular articulation; FJR, jaw joint reaction force; FPO-{alpha}, force generated by the preorbitalis-{alpha}; FQM-PO, force generated by the quadratomandibularis-preorbitalis complex; FQM-{gamma}, force generated by the quadratomandibularis-{gamma}; FR, resultant adductive force; {alpha}, angle of incidence of FE relative to the articular surface of the upper jaw at the ethmoidal articulation. Arrow size does not indicate force magnitude, and angles of force vectors are approximate. CT-scan image used with permission of A. Summers.





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