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Fig. 7. Model calculations of absolute shortening distance and relative force of segmented muscle. (A) Absolute segment shortening (cm) versus {alpha} when initial muscle fiber length is held constant (1 cm). Results are shown for 10% fiber strain (0.1 cm muscle fiber shortening). (B) Relationship between {alpha} and the relative force produced in the longitudinal direction during 10% muscle fiber shortening (force normalized to the {alpha}=0 condition). In Appendix 3, we use shortening distance and force to calculate segment work, and we find that work is independent of muscle fiber angle and bulging condition.





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