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Fig. 1. Patterns of osmolyte distributions in marine animals and mammalian kidneys,
shown as estimates of intracellular concentrations. Panels from left to right:
(1) sharks and other elasmobranchs are dominated by urea and TMAO (data for
Squalus acanthias); (2) shallow-water invertebrates, such as the
polychaete worm Glycera, snail Mitrella carinata and clam
Saxidomus giganteus, are typically dominated by taurine, betaine and
-amino acids (AAs) such as glycine; (3) invertebrates from 2.9 km
depth, such as the polychaete worm Glycera and snail Neptunea
lyrata, have less taurine and other amino acids and more
scyllo-inositol, GPC, and unknowns, while a snail (Depressigyra
globulus) from hydrothermal vents at 1.5 km depth has high levels of
hypotaurine and thiotaurine; (4) vesicomyid clams (Calyptogena spp.)
from sulfide seeps have hypotaurine and thiotaurine and show a depth-related
increase in an unsolved serine–phosphoethanolamine solute (Ser-P-Eth-X)
and an unknown methylamine; (5) vestimentiferan tubeworms (Riftia
pachyptila) from hydrothermal vents at 2.6 km depth have high amounts of
hypotaurine and an unknown methylamine, both in vestiment tissue (Vest.) and
trophosome (Troph., location of sulfide-oxidizing microbial symbionts), which
also has high levels of thiotaurine; (6) mammalian renal cells (inner medulla)
have varying levels of sorbitol, myo-inositol, GPC, betaine and
taurine (along with urea). Data from Peterson et al.
(1992); Yin et al.
(2000); Yancey et al.
(2002); Fiess et al.
(2002); Rosenberg et al.
(2003).
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