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Fig. 3. Orientation of monarch butterflies tested under different artificial polarized stimuli. (A,B) 44° UVA-containing stimulus; (C,D) 85° UVA-containing stimulus without sun shades; (E,F) 85° UVA-containing stimulus with sun shades. None of the polarized light stimuli led to time-compensated compass orientation in monarchs based on the orientation of the polarizer (A,C,E; a point in NE/SW indicates orientation towards northeast or southwest) and the butterflies did not line up in any specific direction relative to the axis of polarization (B,D,F; a point in 0°/180° indicates orientation along the polarizer's axis whereas a point in 90°/270° indicates orientation perpendicular to the polarizer axis). All angles are doubled because of the bimodal ambiguity of all linear polarizers (see Materials and methods). The lack of orientation towards the large polarizer was observed at all times of day (grey dots and open dots indicate flights before and after 12:00 h EST, respectively; total time range 08:15 h to 16:30 h EST). For further explanation of symbols, see legend to Fig. 2.





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