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Fig. 3. Overhead view of snake's landmarks during aerial undulation. Points
represent the head/body junction (triangles), body midpoint (circles) and vent
(squares) from one snake during one trajectory, sampled at 60 Hz. Temporal
sequence is from bottom to top. As the snake moves forward along the
trajectory, traveling waves move posteriorly down the snake, producing a
side-to-side undulatory pattern in which the head and vent move out of phase
with the midpoint. At the beginning of the sequence shown, the head is moving
to the left relative to the midpoint. The frequency of undulation and maximum
wave height (approximately the distance between the paired black arrows) were
1.3 Hz and 24% SVL, respectively, with an average airspeed of 6 m
s-1. Scale bar, 20 cm.
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