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Fig. 1. Kinematic events during an autonomous take-off in a male rufous hummingbird
(Selasphorus rufus; body weight=30.7 mN). (A–F) Selected frames
from 1000 Hzvideo illustrating body and wing posture; letters and timing (ms)
for each frame correspond directly to those on the graph below. Vectors
represent reaction forces produced by the hindlimbs on the perch; white scale
bars, 10 mN. This sequence lasts 150 ms, and two wingbeats were completed
prior to the end of take-off, defined as the start of the first downstroke
after end of leg thrust.
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