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Fig. 3. 5% relative humidity (RH) – random check controls (A–C) and tests (D–F). All bearings of untrained beetles are randomly distributed, both in the magnetic field used in training (A,B) and in the magnetic field rotated 90° anticlockwise (C) (P>0.05, Rayleigh test; n.s. = not significant). Each dot represents one beetle (N=120). mN = magnetic north during testing. The line starting at the centre of each circle is the mean vector bearing; the radius of the circle corresponds to a mean vector length (r)=1.0; the inner broken circle gives the 5% significance level. During tests, unimodal orientation towards the trained magnetic position of light was expected. Beetles did not exhibit a consistent direction of orientation relative to the magnetic field in darkness (D). By contrast, in the light, beetles oriented in the trained magnetic direction (E). In addition, when the magnetic field was rotated 90° anticlockwise, the orientation in the light was shifted accordingly (F). All distributions after training differ from each other significantly (double-headed arrow indicates Watson's U² test). Filled triangles, trained topographic direction; open triangles, trained magnetic direction. Lines on either side of the mean vector indicate the 95% confidence interval for the mean vector bearing. The Rayleigh test probability level is indicated in each circle.

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