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Fig. 1. Design of (A) training and (B) testing set-up. (A) For training, beetles
were kept in constant humidity for 24 h, being exposed to a directional light
emanating from one of four geographic directions. The light in training came
from a frosted light bulb and passed through a diffuser of white paper. (B)
For testing, beetles were placed in the centre of the arena under a plastic
Petri dish. They were released by raising the Petri dish after a delay of 2
min, and their movement was observed by a camera located underneath the arena.
Both training and testing took place in the same location in the
laboratory.