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Fig. 5. Vorticity and velocity when viewed from behind. Color represents vorticity,
arrows represent velocity (arrow scale upper right). Panels i–iv show
successive slices starting just behind the leading edge (i) and moving toward
the trailing edge in 1 cm increments (see inset at top). The solid horizontal
line indicates the laser sheet intersection with the wing; vectors above this
line are above and behind the wing, vectors below represent fluid movement as
seen through the wing (i.e. below and in front of the wing). Columns
(A–D and E–H) represent two experimental protocols with identical
wing size, flapping frequency and kinematic pattern; only oil viscosity and
Re are different.
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