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Fig. 1. The picture shows the reflective marker set-up with four joints of the hind limb. The locations of the knee and hip joints were mathematically determined using the geometrical relationships of the limb segments. Digitized coordinates were used to determine the knee, and the mathematically derived coordinates of the knee and the digitized coordinates of the tuber coxae were used to calculate the hip coordinate (see Materials and methods). The location of the hip (x_h, y_h) was determined using the coordinates of the knee (x_k, y_k) and tuber coxae (x_t, y_t), and the lengths of the pelvis (l_pelvis) and thigh (l_thigh) segments. If two circles are drawn with the tuber coxae and knee joint as origins and radius equivalent to the length of the appropriate segments, there will be two places where the circumferences of the circles overlap (or one if the segments are oriented in a straight line). The rearmost of these two intersections was taken as the location of the hip joint.

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