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Fig. 7. Force comparison between experiment, computation and quasi-steady
predictions for (A,D) advanced (
=
/4), (B,E) symmetric (=0) and
(C,F) delayed (=–/4) rotations. (A–C) Force traces of
four strokes starting from rest. Red, experimental force; blue, computational
force; green, quasi-steady estimates using Equations
14,
15,
16,
17. Forces are normalized as in
Figs 2,
3,
4. (D–F) Difference trace
(red) between the experimental forces and quasi-steady forces. Linear
acceleration du(t)/dt (blue), and an estimate of
rotational force u(t)
(t) (green) are shown
in arbitrary scale since we are only interested in their basic time course.
Broken vertical lines mark the wing reversal during t=[1,2]. Features
associated with rotation (r) and unsteady circulation due to wing acceleration
(u), are labelled accordingly.
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