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Fig. 8. Vorticity contours near the hindwing with superimposed velocity vectors at
35% of stroke cycle when hindwing lift is enhanced or attenuated maximally
(*2 in Fig. 4).
Vorticity and velocity vectors for the kinematic condition in which (A)
hindwing lift is attenuated maximally (worst condition; forewing leads by a
quarter stroke cycle), and (B) hindwing lift exceeds lift production of a
single hindwing flapping free of forewing downwash interference (best
kinematic pattern; hindwing leads by a quarter stroke cycle). Square white
boxes indicate the regions from which circulation of the leading edge vortex
was measured. The wing sections (white lines) are viewed at 50% distance
between the wing base and tip, and have a geometric angle of attack of
45°. The direction of wing translation is from left to right. T, stroke
cycle.
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