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Fig. 5. Segmental angular displacements and instantaneous velocities during single
representative cycles of rotary gallops at treadmill speeds of 2.57 m
s–1 (left column) and 3.03 m s–1 (right
column). Note that in left gallop cycle (A), both the head and trunk are
rotating through more than 20° in the pitch plane, but that the head has
just surpassed this threshold. Note also that in the right gallop cycle (B),
head rotation in the pitch plane exceeds 20° by several degrees, but that
trunk rotations have dropped to below 20°. In both cycles, however, head
rotations do not occur in any other plane. The (A,B) segmental displacement
graphs depict changes in head-to-space (H–S), trunk-to-space (T–S)
and head-to-trunk (H–T) angles. Earth horizontal is indicated by 0°
(dashed horizontal line), and negative values indicate a nose-down angle of
the head axis and a shoulders-down angle of the trunk axis. The horizontal
lines depict the support phases of the left hind limb (LH), left forelimb
(LF), right forelimb (RF), and right hind limb (RH). The remaining graphs
depict instantaneous angular velocity changes of (C,D) the head relative to
space, (E,F) the trunk relative to space, and (G,H) the head relative to the
trunk. In (C,D) the head-to-space velocity graphs, the solid horizontal lines
indicate 350° s–1 that, at least in humans, is the
saturation velocity for the vestibulo–ocular (VOR) reflex
(Pulaski et al., 1981).
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