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Fig. 3. Instantaneous lift traces. The regions where the stroke position of wing is between –90° and 90° are highlighted in gray and roughly approximate the phase of an upstroke, =–72 deg. s–1, or downstroke, =72 deg. s–1, between wing rotations. Angle of attack {alpha} is held constant in each trail and varied from –10° to 100° in steps of 10° for each advance ratio. (Ai–Di) =72 deg. s–1, advance ratio equal to 1/8, 1/4, 3/8 and 1/2, respectively. (Aii–Dii) =–72 deg. s–1, advance ratio equal to 1/8, 1/4, 3/8 and 1/2, respectively.





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