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Fig. 9. Wingtip trace ztip (open circles) and projected
wingspan b' (filled circles; mean values for both wings are
mirrored), over a series of wingbeats at U=5, 7 and 10 m
s1. The bird is flying from right to left and all data is to
scale on a 2 mx2 m grid. The start and end of a stroke phase is
determined by maximum or minimum wingtip position,
ztip,max and ztip,min. The downstroke
phase is hatched. Data sampled at 1/125 s intervals.