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First published online October 21, 2004
Journal of Experimental Biology 207, v (2004)
Copyright © 2004 The Company of Biologists Limited
doi: 10.1242/jeb.01302
Outside JEB |
LEAPING LIZARDS
Mount Holyoke College
ggillis{at}mtholyoke.edu
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Although frogs may first come to mind when we think of ectothermic vertebrates with a proclivity for jumping, it should be noted that many arboreal lizards are no strangers to this mode of locomotion. What makes a lizard a good jumper? What trade-offs might good jumping impose? In a recent paper, Esteban Toro, Anthony Herrel and Duncan Irschick explore the relationships among morphology, ecology and jumping in Caribbean Anolis lizards to answer such questions and to address more generally the evolution of ballistic locomotory behavior within this clade.
As a genus, Anolis is huge, encompassing over three hundred species of lizard, many of which live among the islands of the Caribbean. What has made these Caribbean animals so attractive to evolutionary biologists (in addition to necessitating a tropical field-site visit) is that in their radiation across the islands, convergent evolution has molded many species into six identifiable `ecomorphs': species that share common features related to their habitat use and morphology, but have largely evolved these ecological and anatomical similarities independently. Presumably, some of the anatomical traits that are characteristic of a particular ecomorph represent adaptations to a specific habitat, or way of life. A number of scientists have taken advantage of this system to begin to study the process of adaptation by examining the links between performance, structure and ecology. In this most recent example, Toro and colleagues explore the mechanics of jumping across Anolis ecomorphs to understand how jumping function relates to limb morphology.
Up to ten individuals from each of 12 species comprising all six ecomorphs
were studied while jumping off a custom-made force plate. Performance
variables, such as take-off angle, distance, peak velocity, acceleration and
power, were measured from each individual's best jump. Morphometric variables
were also determined for each animal. The results showed that the lizards, on
average, used significantly lower take-off angles (
36°,
range=31–40°) than predicted for optimal jump distance
(39–42°), and the authors did not find a strong correlation between
the animals' take-off angles and their preferred habitat. As the authors point
out, jump distance may not be the only relevant variable for a jumping lizard.
Minimizing flight time might also be important and, indeed, at these slightly
lower take-off angles, lizards forsake only a small loss in distance (1%)
for a more substantial reduction in air-time (7%). Perhaps the use of
lower-than-optimal take-off angles represents a balance between maximizing
jump distance while simultaneously minimizing flight time.
Among the morphological variables, only hind-limb length was a positive predictor of take-off velocity (which, in turn, is directly related to jump distance). This makes intuitive sense as longer limbs increase the time and distance over which the body can be accelerated before take-off. Previous work on Caribbean anoles has shown that relative limb length can impact running ability on narrow surfaces, such as thin branches. Specifically, long-limbed animals perform poorly on narrow surfaces. Thus, evolving long limbs may improve jumping distance, but probably at the cost of reduced running agility along small tree branches. Intriguingly, some shorter-limbed species may have solved this trade-off by increasing hind-limb extensor-muscle mass, allowing enhanced acceleration despite short limbs.
References
Toro, E., Herrel, A. and Irschick, D. (2004). The evolution of jumping performance in Caribbean Anolis lizards: solutions to biomechanical trade-offs. Am. Nat. 163,844 -856.[CrossRef][Medline]
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