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Fig. 4. The difference in mean wing beat frequency (Fb) between pre- and post-manipulated birds (beats s–1). The largest increase in Fb from pre-manipulated levels occurs between the birds that had 1.0 cmremoved from one wing. *Increase in Fb was significantly higher than in the pre-manipulated individuals. Values are means ± S.E.M. For N values, see Table 1.





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