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Fig. 1. Typical isotope enrichments from breath samples taken before (diamonds) and
after flight (circles) in a zebra finch. In this example, depressed isotope
enrichment occurred in the first breath sample collected at 3 min after
flight. A linear regression was therefore fitted before flight and
forward-extrapolated to predict the enrichment at the time when the bird first
began to fly. A polynomial regression was fitted after flight and
back-extrapolated to predict the enrichment at the time when flight ended
(accounting for the time spent on the perches). This generated two points, the
gradient between them being the elimination rate (kc)
during flight. kc was substituted into Equations
1 and
2, to give predictions of
O2 and
CO2, which were
converted to energy expenditure in W.
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