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Fig. 2. (A) Model parameters and torque balance during epaxial rotation. This
figure illustrates the force transmission model used in this study. Epaxial
force during suction feeding (Fepaxial) is a product of
epaxial physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) and normalized
muscle stress during suction feeding (Pm).
Pm was not estimated a priori but was derived
from the correlation between morphology and performance as an additional test
of the model. The force of buccal pressure (Fpressure) is
equal to measured pressure divided by buccal projected area
(Abuccal). Fpressure must be less than
or equal to Fepaxial multiplied by the epaxial moment
(Lin) divided by buccal moment (Lout),
otherwise the neurocranium could not rotate dorsally. Therefore, measured
pressure should be limited by epaxial PCSA, Lin,
Lout and Abuccal. The measurements or
estimations of these parameters are described in the text. (B) Location of
PCSA measurement. PCSA was measured at the minimum
perpendicular distance from the line of surface fascicle orientation to the
joint axis.
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