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Fig. 21. Mean calculated vs measured forces for Mode 2 wingstrokes. (A) Two
frequency preferences displayed by the experimental population, mean 155 Hz
(black points; blue line) and mean 129 Hz (gray points; red line). (B) Mean
calculated force magnitudes for the two frequency groups when wingtip velocity
is normalized for a wingbeat period of 0.0065 ms. (C) Mean calculated forces
for the two frequency groups when wingtip velocity is not normalized. (D) Mean
measured forces for the two frequency groups. (E) Regressions from C and D
shown together. The relationship between the calculated forces and downstroke
deviation and between the measured forces and downstroke deviation is roughly
the same. The difference in forces due to wingbeat frequency is roughly the
same for calculated and measured forces. The measured forces are larger than
the calculated forces by a roughly constant amount.
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